Today's scope of Dubrovnik's walls dates back to the 13th century, and they are systematically modernized and built until 1660, when the last fortress, the bastion of St. Stjepana on the southern part of the walls. The walls are 1940 meters long and consist of the main city wall, sixteen towers, three fortresses, six bastions (strong pentagonal fortifications with sloping walls), two cantons (corner fortifications), three walls with a series of towers (low semicircular towers with sloping walls), three moat, two fortifications, two city drawbridges and a breakwater. In some places they are up to 25 meters high. The main city wall on the land side is 4 to 6 meters thick, and on the sea side 1.5 to 3 meters.

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